concrete channel drain b e c d a f i g h k weephole j a b a f g c d e b c a e d f h a g i 22 146 22 r74 60 30 75 450. PolyDrain Shallow - Product Data PolyDrain Shallow Product Data Formerly known as Piccolo Channels. J&R Precast catch basins work to ensure proper drainage and collect waste water runoff in any design or engineered system. Reinforced Edge Channel. Various accessories available. 13. Material. V SHAPE PRECAST CONCRETE NORMAL DRAIN () View. Dura Trench prefabricated trench drain systems are our most popular product line. Iowa and Wisconsin - (608) 244-1381. Price MYR38. Size: 450mm x 450mm x 1200mm long Cavity (pipe) size: 300mm diameter Slot size: 30mm continuous Mass: ±390kg per 1. Manufactured to Engineers Spec. Precast concrete road gullies are manufactured to BS5911:2004 Part 6 and are produced monolithically on fully automated machines, providing a strong robust unit that required no concrete surround and are not subject to floatation. The growing demand for a more cost-effective and less complicated surface water drainage system has led us to combine the clear advantages of linear drainage with the benefits of high-quality concrete. For domestic and light industrial traffic. Also included in the PolyDrain precast trench drain system are Special Products for liquid containment applications, utility trenches, and limited-space installations. Model# 83432-6. KK Manhole & Gratings Co Pvt Ltd is one of India's leading manufacturer of precast concrete and plastic Products used in construction. 11. Gradual changes in direction can also be incorporated with skewed units. 10 in drain box comes with holes for 4 in pipe. Get Quote. 1. 69 – $ 41. However, by procuring wholesale precast concrete drainage channels from Alibaba, you are likely to reduce the costs significantly. The BIRCO channel systems for surface drainage and discharge of aggressive liquids are made of vibrated pressed concrete, steel, and PE, and cover a wide range of uses – from areas frequented by heavy-duty vehicles through landscaping to roof terraces. Provided in a range of capacities and with a choice of styles and load. Patented flying buttress design provides load-bearing support from both sides as well as underneath the channel. Order: 50 Pieces Please email us at gcconcrete@mweb. 00. U-Shape Drains are available in both Standard Size (nominal widths between 600mm and 1800 mm) and Super Sizes (nominal widths between 2100mm and 3650mm ) in lengths of 1 metre. Wastewater. Box Culverts. Trustpilot. We offer Saucer Drain, U Drain & Slit Drain in a variety of options. R 76. Click to feedback >JKR (U) SHAPE PRECAST CONCRETE DRAIN. The TrenchFormer cast-in-place concrete forming system for forming trench drains, catch basins, utility chases, and voids in concrete placement is manufactured by ABT Inc. CONCRETE DUCTING HN-HO-72 - 300x145x2400mm . Specification and Application Table 41. Features: Zurn Z886 6″ wide pre-sloped linear drainage system. x 14 in. £235. These are manufactured using supreme quality material which is sourced from the tested vendor of the industry. Applications. 24 (£319. Product Description. We provide a full line of sanitary and storm precast products. Our team of experienced professionals takes pride in delivering custom concrete solutions that meet the highest industry standards. Manhole bases available in 4’ diameter up to 48” high or 5’ diameter up to 60” high. Brisbane Precast Australian Manufacturers Of Panels, Walls And Other Precast Concrete Products For Commercial & Residential Projects Across Australia. Our J&R Precast “mini” catch basin or mini drain manhole is 36” in diameter with 6” walls and is incredibly convenient and useful when space can be a challenge. 300mm 2 (DS0 Range) 375mm 2 (DS1 Range) 450mm 2 (DS2 Range) 600mm 2 (DS3 Range) 600 x 900mm (DS4 Range) 900mm 2 (DS5 Range) 1200mm 2 (DS6 Range) Grates to suit GRC Pits; Covers to Suit GRC Pits; Custom Precast Drainage Pits; On-Site Detention/Retention. Normally M35 concrete is poured in formworks over pre-tensioned 250G High tensile strength wires. To furnish the diverse requirements of our clients we are involved in offering a wide range of RCC Half Round Pipe. Marshalls Dished Kerb Channel 914 x 255 x 125mm (L x W x T) Grey is a high durability precision unit used for a wide variety of landscaping purposes. headoffice@traceyconcrete. Available in standard sizes ranging from 6’x3. 5 in outside width, 9. Geotextiles. They. 5" x 1" Business listings of Precast U Drain, Precast Drain manufacturers, suppliers and exporters in Mumbai, प्रीकास्ट यू ड्रेन विक्रेता, मुंबई, Maharashtra along with their contact details & address. They connect the main drain to your drainage outlet, and so it is extremely important to choose the correct one for your project. See below for help with your Drainage enquiry. Telco Pits. Our expertise in the field is unmatched, thanks to more than a century of experience in the industry. Price It View your Trade pricing and order online. Connect Spee-D channel drains together with couplings (sold separately) 16. 68" Deep Dura Slope Channel Drain SKU # DS-095. Unique flanges on the bottom of the channel provide an anchoring lip for straight installation and prevents floating. Wishlist. 208C. Dependable structural integrity, design flexibility and ease of placement lead to significant cost savings on today’s accelerated construction projects. Since 1973, Hynds have been partnering the civil construction industry providing critical and resilient infrastructure to sustainably protect our environment from the impacts of. Tshwane Type and Johannesburg Type. wide, 3-3/4 in. Use our convenient location finder to visit a nearby service. 12. Osma Rainchannel Drainage Channel With Polypropylene Self Locking Grate 1m. With a vast range of products over the years our company has stood the test of time in that we guarantee the highest levels of quality and pertinence in our industry. DRCRCR12100 . U-DRAIN. ₹ 2,000/ Meter. Design and Specification. In line with the Government initiative towards targeting Zero Landfill, HCH initiated a research project to develop precast concrete products using recycled aggregates recovered from construction waste. Our highly functional residential trench drainage systems can collect, transmit, and even preserve on-site water with zero waste. 23 Learn more. The integrity of the material and piping offers a greater volume of water to be transported smoothly from one area to another. Channel Drain in. We have been offering innovative and quality solutions to the. za or WhatsApp us on 072 706 5393 to request a quotation for pricing. Everhard 3m EasyDRAIN Pressed Stainless Steel Metal Grate And Prejoined Channel. OKA provides an extensive range of precast reinforced concrete box culverts from nominal width of 300mm to 3660mm, which are further categorized in accordance to the width of culverts as follow: 1. PolyDrain Shallow channels feature our exclusive. Design & Manufacturing Reference. Concrete Drainage. com. Banded Bar (180) Ductile Iron Slotted (24) Ductile Iron With Anchor Frame (117) Fiberglass (24) Heel-Proof & ADA (36)Thickness. Business listings of Precast U Drain, Precast Drain manufacturers, suppliers and exporters in Mumbai, प्रीकास्ट यू ड्रेन विक्रेता, मुंबई, Maharashtra along with their contact details & address. Add to cart. Unit Price Stock Actions;. They are high quality products manufactured under controlled conditions for application in drainage channel, decorations for walls/column tops and fencing solutions. is the only trench drain manufacturer that has specifically designed products for the requirements and demands found only in the transportation industry. U-Shape Drain. Flat Top Garden Edge. 150mm x 125mm x 913mm. 00. polymer concrete road for expressways. At J&R Precast, our precast drain manholes are built to endure the toughest of conditions in any town or sewer water management system. Add to Cart. Longkang Cement / Half Round Concrete Drain 9" Reference . LEARN MORE 32-Inch Yard Drain Painted or Galvanized Grates Available Conforms to ASTM C-913 Class "FSC" Self. 2 x 0. Buried deep underground, the channels are less exposed to changing temperatures and are designed to hold up for decades, providing a long-term and cost-effective solution. Box 525290, Sharjah, UAE. Business listings of Precast U Drain, Precast Drain manufacturers, suppliers and exporters in Bengaluru, Karnataka along with their contact details & address. They are made from high-strength concrete and won’t blow away but last for years and years with no maintenance. ae. 60. 30 inch Dwarf Wall. 01 – £ 0. If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty. co. Add to cart. HELP. Clear. 40 mm. 30-day returns to your local JDP branch. Please email us at [email protected] percent of orders completed correctly first time to the satisfaction of our clients- that’s a record we. 445. They are reinforced with 1/2" rebar and are available in 5' and 10' sections. With a proven 100-year service life, precast concrete catch basins are a long-term solution for stormwater and drainage. 00: Each: 48" x 1'-0" to 24" MH Reducer: 285. Pen and paper! Make a rough sketch of your drain plan, even the most basic drain systems must be well thought out, as a miscalculated set up could ruin the whole run. MTI has a yearly production capacity of 20,000 m³ of Precast Concrete Elements. Plastic Tanks. Precast Steps, Bridge Posts and Hand Rails. Channel C2-230 (W) x 85 (D) x 600 (L) mm. Documents. Additional Info. Shop this Collection. Following the customers’ requests FARCIMAR developed a set of solutions for the conducting of waters, as for example, the precast trapezoidal channels. Various accessories available. BOX CULVET. Easy to mold remove. Fully integrated rainwater drainage system for around the home. [email protected]. RM10. Since 1983, the PolyDrain precast trench drain system has provided superior performance and durability for commercial and industrial surface drainage solutions. Trench drains are suitable for sports fields, pedestrian areas, court yards and car parks. V-Shape drain is a surface water drainage drain to discharge rain water to nearest channel. Made of high-quality precast concrete, these channels are built to withstand heavy. ABT Inc. Power; Gas; Water races; Drainage; Drawings. co. Our precast members are 1. +61 8 9525 1380. There are. store address. RC L-Shape Units; Online Quotation; Contact Us. 1. Inter-locking ends and radiused bottom. Storm Water Pit and Catch Basin for Modular Trench and Channel Drain Systems with Galvanized Steel Grate. info@mtind. Description. We are India's largest precast solutions provider. Cones available in 4’ diameter in 27”, 30. Our products are used in: Municipal depots. C-CHANNEL & BLOCK DRAIN. Precast concrete drainage structures supplied by Phoenix Precast are the right choice for today’s ever growing drainage & stormwater. Hynds Stormwater are New Zealand’s leading stormwater technology provider, specialising in treatment, conveyance, management and storage of stormwater. 50. Resin Concrete Gutter Drain Gutter Channel Drainag Shower Precast Concrete Drainage Channel. Thank you for taking the time to browse through our site. C250 drainage channel made of resin concrete with ductile iron grating. Here at Marshalls, the kerb blocks available are suitable for a variety of applications in both commercial and civic spaces. Everhard 3m EasyDRAIN Polymer Grate. 1 / 2. U. Precast Concrete. Get a FREE quotation or advice. £110. Banded Bar Grating – 200 Series. Precast concrete drainage channels, aqua-slot, slot drains, v-channels, perforated drainage troughs from Stanton Precast Ltd. Click here for more!. Add to Cart. Out storm water channels will assist in redirecting water to a desired area be it a catchment tank or sewerage system. S. See below for sizes and benefits of precast concrete drain systems manufactured and installed by A. 75% bottom slope. This creates a highly durable drain with extremely low permeability making it the perfect solution for commercial applications. Get Best Price. Chamber Rings; Cover Slabs; House Inspection Chambers; Drainage Channels; Ducting; Manhole. Swiftdrain has positioned themselves as a leading manufacturer of residential and commercial trench drain products across the States. Bison Precast box culverts are available in a wide range of sizes, from 1000mm x 600mm to 6000mm x 3600mm. Looking forward to helping you out in your next compound wall or boundary wall project. Concrete Rainwater Channel - Fast Delivery Secure Shopping Lowest deals on Concrete Rainwater Channel - Buy online at EN 1433 Load Class C 250 E 600 F 900 U Shape Drain Trench Precast Concrete Drainage Channel With Ductile Cast Iron Grating $ 8 . Home. Precast Reinforced Concrete U-Shape Drain With and Without Dry Weather Flow. Since opening our doors in 2006, our range has grown to a vast array of products. Or call us at 888-825-4716. See full list on abtdrains. Civils & Drainage Products. 2. The 10’ combo pack is ideal for any domestic area where surface water collects including driveways, pools, patios, walkways and sports courts. Foss. 200MM Opening Polymer Concrete Channel. Image. Holds up to 12" Pipe Conforms to ASTM C-913 Standards Class "FSC" Self-Consolidating Concrete 4,000 P. SPSB standard U-Shapped open drains are designed in accordance to Bs 8110 : 1985 (EN 1992 - 3:2006) SPSB precast reinforced concrete U-shapped open drains range from 600mm to 3600mm width and various heights. . Pre Cast Half Round Concrete Drain 9" (D) x 30" (L) Tags: Longkang Konkrit, Precast. Instead, there’s a choice of either a mono or duo slot. The safety kerb can be used in tandem with Killeshal Inspection Boxes and/ or Killeshal Silt Boxes to provide an overall solution. Credit Amount R21 per month. £14. BS Concrete Dished Channel CD RK3600000 255mm x 125mm - Pack of 16. Thank you for taking the time to browse through our site. Below Ground Water Management Solutions With a design life of over 100 years, the below ground water management range for foul and surface water applications, includes precast concrete drainage solutions for attenuation, control, storage and treatment, all designed to meet any below ground specification and ideal for sustainable drainage systems (SuDS). View. Previously, Concrete Canvas has been used to line a concrete drainage channel at the side of the M32 motorway in Bristol, where a new bridge was designed and built for bus-only traffic. It enables a load. Home; New Products. Precast Box Culverts are one of the most versatile and cost effective structural precast concrete products on the market today. Killeshal Precast Concrete has been serving the Irish construction industry since its beginnings in 1969 and has earned the reputation of being one of the most reliable precast concrete suppliers with over 99. It was made from precast concrete from factory. Open Channel Drain 1 Products Available Id Product Weight 230888 300 X 2000 OPEN CHANNEL DRAIN 226kg. When evaluating the benefits of concrete drainage structures, the answer depends on what you need. For domestic and light industrial traffic. FOR SPECIAL PROJECTS . Features: Shallow open ended water channel section; Suitable for the drainage of water; Comes in 6" x 3" sizes and 3 foot lengths; Groove of 4. Click here for Drainage Information. Using a shovel or small excavator, dig a trench that covers the length of the channel drain and the drain pipe. Buy Lion Concrete Down Channel Stop End (610mm) Online or Locate Your Nearest Builders Warehouse Store. Statutory Documents. The unique trapezoidal shape of the high capacity drainage channel means that water in the channel generates its own flow. per linear ft. U – shaped Gutters of semicircular interior section are vulgarly used in the collecting and conducting of waters which precipitate in the pavement and converging for the central reservation. Concrete Barrier; Drain Channel; Block Drain; Road Kerb (K2 Series) Road Kerb (K9 Series) Uni-Pave (Interlocking Brick) Grass Pave 6 Holes; Concrete Slab;Our polymer concrete drainage channels are engineered for maximum loads & performance, offering ideal surface drainage for commercial & industrial applications. For more than 40 years, one of the Group’s subsidiaries is providing value-added and cost competitive solutions for the industry with a full-fledged of structural and non-structural precast concrete products, which are suitable for all types of civil and infrastructure works. You can also choose from 113mm, 80mm polymer concrete drainage channel,as well as from 4 inch polymer concrete drainage channelAnd whether polymer concrete drainage channel is non-alloy, {2}, or {3}. Precast Scupper Pipes. Mnc Ss Hdpe Single Slot Drain Channel, For Drainage, Thickness: 25. 50 Pieces(MOQ) Contact Now Surface Treatment: Polished , Smooth. ABT Inc. Concrete channels are manufactured in one metre sections. Precast Concrete Drainage Channels Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million),. Channel C2-230 (W) x 85 (D) x 600 (L) mm. BENEFITS: • Quick installation • Minimal maintenance • Excellent flow rates at shallow gradientsConcrete Drainage. civil engineers builders contractors plumbers drainage residential0 Storm Water Products: Channels Grid Covers for ChannelsBirco 100. O. 56pcs/pallet. 24 inch Dwarf Wall. Check out our selection of concrete precast on your construction projects at Buildmate - your one-stop building construction material supply. Get Best Price. The drain pipe will need to be around 12 inches deep. They can be easily installed and they come in different sizes and with different cover options, making them a popular option within our concrete product range. Compare. ACO Multiline® easily complies with DIN EN 1433 specifications with a very large safety margin. GALVANIZED DRAINAGE CHANELLS UNUSED FROM NEW. Available in different sizes. PRESSED KERBS AND CHANNELS. China Precast Concrete Manhole Mould manufacturers - Select 2023 high quality Precast Concrete Manhole Mould products in best price from certified Chinese Plastic Product Mould, Auto Part Mould suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China. Our standard C-channel is best suited to civil construction projects, while our C1, C2, C3, and C4 options offer increased strength and durability for more demanding applications. We also make custom inverts to suit any job. With a vast range of products over the years our company has stood the test of time in that we guarantee the highest levels of quality and pertinence in our industry. Marshalls Civils & Drainage concrete gullies are typically used on roadways for surface water runoff. co. Product. They come in configurations of precast concrete channel (600mm lengths), steel frame and concrete slabs, and can be supplied in any length of 600mm sections. 30 Min Order: 1 meter They are a utility product which come in a standard concrete finish. We design precast concrete slot drain products. Price in reward points: 3200. Brand. C2 kerb. Streetware. HALF ROUND PRECAST CONCRETE DRAIN () View. Add to Cart. Manufactured from precast concrete, Hynds half round channels are designed to effectively capture runoff from various paved areas. Available in standard sizes ranging from 6’x3. Marshalls’ concrete drainage channels offer both durability and efficiency in essential water management projects. no. Find Precast U Drain manufacturers, suppliers, dealers & latest prices from top companies in India. Acme Grey Square Concrete Channel Blocks, Size: 300x300x100mm ₹ 90/Piece. You can also choose from 113mm, 80mm polymer concrete drainage channel,as well as from 4 inch polymer concrete drainage channelAnd whether polymer concrete drainage channel is non-alloy, {2}, or {3}. Heavy Duty Precast Drainage Channel 38 House. 50. Reinforced Edge Channel. Many items are available from stock and combined with our extensive transport network, we can ensure. STORM SEWER - PRECAST DROP INLETS $ - Curb Drop Inlets, Precast, 12"-30" Pipes $ 8,808 EA. 00 Ductile iron grates with heavy duty concrete channel Width: 12″ Length: 10 feet Includes: 3 channels, 6 grates, 1 end cap, 1 end outlet Buy now — OR — Add to cartOur 8168 three sided precast concrete trench drains are multifaceted channel solutions for applications that range from cable distribution and management, to drainage runoff capture, containment, and transport. 2. Precast Culverts uses include: · Storm Drains. Skip to content +353 59 915 9550 +44 1279 423303 [email protected] IRE; UK [email protected] MENU MENU. Jaybro is an Australian supplier of steel-reinforced precast concrete drainage products for all types of applications. We will price for headwalls delivered direct to site in the UK & Ireland. IS EN 1340 Concrete Kerb Units – Requirements and Test Methods. Grey Precast Concrete Drain Cover, Load Capacity: 1 Ton, Thickness: 70 mm ₹ 80 Get Latest Price . With a 40mm x 40mm angle housing and extra-thick sidewalls, it increases the system’s. Dig the Trench. Precision-manufactured using hydraulic pressing, the Marshalls Standard Kerb system has a sleek appearance, consistent performance and extreme durability to last the life of your project. RCPA SpoonDrain is constructed using FRCPipes unique high strength, light weight reinforced concrete composite which enables the product to be quickly and efficiently installed. Rocla has an extensive network of factories throughout South Africa, Namibia and Botswana. Standards Currently there are two South African national standards applicable to concrete pipe: SANS 676 - Reinforced concrete pressure pipes SANS 677 - Concrete non-pressure pipes The code of practice for the selection of pipe strength is: SANS 10102 - Part 1: Selection of pipes for buried pipelines: General provisionsConcrete Channel (200,300,400) 1 file (s) 925. For L, T or X installations use the Source 1 Drainage Quad Connector with Gray Grates. 00 incl VAT. We are also able to design and manufacture special products at customer requests. S. Precast Concrete Trench Drains – are considered the strongest, most cost-effective, low-maintenance solution for our harsh northeast climate. Channel C3-305 (W) x 125 (D) x 600 (L) mm. P. This linear drainage system has been designed with the contractor in mind, currently available in 100mm, 150mm, 200mm and. Width : 200 Length : 500 Nominal Size : 500x200x250 Precast concrete U drains allow for speedier construction of channels with minimum wet cast concrete work. Click for drawing Slotted Drain 450 Diameter . RM150. Size Clear. New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYC DEP) Concrete manholes are utilized at vault openings or pipe junctions to provide maintenance and inspection access to underground piping systems, meters, and facilities. 07" Deep Dura Slope Channel Drain SKU # DS-096. FLI Precast; About. Twinstar Precast will cast your Stormwater related slabs to your requirements. Cinle Concrete Products Industries Sdn. Stability under the highest loads. Apply for a Home Depot Consumer Card Drain moderate flows from driveways, patios, walkways, courtyards Built-in interlocking channel design—no couplings needed Kit includes channel, plastic grates, end cap/outlet, end cap View More Details Store 0 in stock CCP Concrete > Precast Concrete > Storm Water Channels. polymer concrete road for expressways. Product Code: 904801. Call 0115 9441448. These prefabricated concrete elements are widely used in various applications, including highways, parking lots, airports, and residential developments. C250 drainage channel made of resin concrete with ductile iron grating. Indiana and Illinois - (317) 323-6000. Buy & Sell on Ireland's Largest All Sections Marketplace. Pedestrian Bridge Decking. > Precast Concrete > Storm Water Channels. Be the first to review this product. Trenches can have grating 12 7/8" wide and 1" thick. uk. J&R Precast Trench drains are ideal to capture, contain and move surface runoff for a wide number of drainage applications, as well as, applications where critical infrastructure. Comparing polymer concrete channel prices. 8 in drain box comes with holes for 3 in pipe. Features: Shallow open ended water channel section; Suitable for the drainage of water; Comes in 10" x 5" sizes and 3 foot lengths; Groove of 4. 4. This precast trench drain system comes standard with 0. Concrete catch basins and inlets collect excess storm water runoff from roofs, sidewalks, parking lots, and paved streets. While every effort is made to ensure that the colours of our products do not vary, complete colour consistency cannot always be guaranteed. R 87. Collection & Delivery Information. 2 Cast in-situ reinforced concrete v-drain channel: 25mm blinding layer, class 10MPa m2 50 Insert slab reinforcing 193 mesh m2 50 Cast 100mm thick in-situ concrete v-channel, 1m (w), class 25/19 MPa complete to detail m3 5 4. com. 04. concrete u drain. The range comprises modular and durable drainage channels, manufactured from corrosion-resistant polymer concrete. Fibrocast. Precast drainage channels provide a durable and robust system for managing waste and water flow. co. Please slide to verify. The trench should be around 6 inches deep for the channel drain to give you enough space for laying the channel drain. LEARN MORE. Customer service (610) 847-7203. Our product lines focus on the. We also provide. 55 - $ 18 . We stock concrete inlets and outlets, down chutes, inlet grids and frames, cover slabs and more. Four-sided concrete culverts, commonly referred to as box culverts, are some of the most versatile precast concrete products on the market. From: £258. Click for more details. Contact Supplier. Install a system that works for you. 210 Durham Road Ottsville, PA 18942. Our residential drainage products can also be used to solve: excess moisture problems in areas such as garages, basements, and pools. 5% slope built in but can be manufactured with any slope specified. Our straight kerbs are 913mm in length with the most. Fibrelite’s extensive range of composite trench covers can withstand the same heavy loads as traditional materials, at a fraction of the weight; while the load-carrying capacity of. T: (08) 9302 2175 . It is self-designed and manufactured, and intended to provide ablution facilities in rural areas, in keeping with the Government’s commitment to social upliftment in South Africa. US$. 35" Deep Dura Slope Channel Drain SKU # DS-097. ₹ 5,003 Get Latest Price . Either light or heavy duty. Cape Concrete Works, located in Cape Town, is the leading supplier of superior precast concrete products to the construction, civil engineering and building industries in the Western Cape and further afield. Thickness. 7m Diameter. RCC FT Flume 300 X 300mm Precast U Drain,. Industrial Water Treatment. FG. Foss. These are extensively used in drainage systems and cable covers. : P2-0655/1. Square Strainer in Brushed Nickel for Shower/Floor Drains Pickup Free ship to. ACO Multiline® sets new standards with its channel cross-section. TrenchFormer is the original expanded concrete cast-in-place channel drain forming system. Whether you're looking for Hygrobot Zero Loss Drain, U Shape Drain, Precast. Inspection Channel and Lid for ID300 slotted drain . Pipes, Manholes and Culverts.